I really appreciate your deep dive into the impact of both childhood stuttering and Parkinson's on speech patterns, and how they should inform any interpretation of Biden's speech patterns. Your experience and credentials certainly strengthen the validity of your observations and conclusions.

My article was long to begin with, so my overview limited the amount of detail on each particular topic. You make good points that some incidents during the debate fit well with Biden's history of stuttering, it is very clear overall that his speech is substantially different than four years ago. The raspy hoarseness apparent in the debate has been present in the last several months of video solicitations for campaign contributions - and wasn't there four years ago. He didn't use to routinely pause before most questions. His cadences have altered.

It is my belief that Parkinson's is the best explanation for the changes since 2020 that we have seen inBiden's speech, face, and body movements.